Agricultural Literacy Curriculum Matrix

Students observe how plants respond to gravity by germinating soybeans in a CD case and rotating the case as they grow. Grades 3-5

geotropism: growth of a plant in response to the force of gravity

germination: process of a plant emerging from a seed and beginning to grow

hilum: the point where the seed attaches to the pod; usually a slight reddish color and elliptical in shape

statocytes: cells that surround the rootlet tips

Did you know that plants are able to sense their environment and actually respond appropriately? One of the key parameters that every plant must respond to is the direction of gravity: stems go up (opposite to the pull of gravity) and roots go down (in the same direction as the force of gravity).

By sensing gravity, plants can turn sideways, upside down, etc. Scientists first theorized that the plant could tell by the warmth of the soil, but now we know that they sense gravity and automatically know where down is and grow upwards. This is a crucial skill for the plant because they need to grow upwards and get their leaves out of the soil so they can reach the sunlight and grow. Even though it seems easy to understand that plants sense gravity, the actual mechanisms inside the plant roots are quite complicated. Statocytes are a kind of cell that surrounds the rootlet tips. Inside statocytes, the statoliths act as a motion sensor. Movements of these small bodies allow the roots to understand the direction of gravity.

1. Ask students to close their eyes and bend over. Do they know which way is up and which way is down? How can you tell?
2. Ask students how gravity affects the way we perceive the world? Are other organisms affected by gravity?
3. Discuss the question, "If you plant a seed upside-down will the roots grow up?" Inform your students that they will be performing an experiment to answer this question.

1. Cut the paper towel or blotting paper so it fits inside the CD case.
2. Moisten the paper towel and lay it in the case.
3. Evenly place four soybeans on the paper towel. Orient the soybeans in at least two different directions (note the direction of bean’s hilum).  
4. Close the CD case so that the beans are held snugly. Tape the case shut.
5. Using a marker, number the soybeans 1,2,3,4 on the outside of the case.
6. Set the CD case in an upright position. Attach a binder clip to the bottom to help keep the case upright.
7. Provide each student with a Topsy-Turvy Observation Chart.
8. Keep the paper towel moist. As the seeds begin to sprout, note the direction in which the roots and stems are growing. Does the direction the seed is turned affect the direction of growth?
9. Two days after the seeds have begun to grow, rotate the CD case 90° on its side. Continue rotating the case every two days. Did rotating the case effect the growth?  

After conducting these activities, review and summarize the following key concepts:

• Plants can sense gravity allowing the roots to always grow down and the stem to grow up.
• Plants rely on the sun, soil, and water for healthy growth.

Original idea from Montana Agriculture in the Classroom.

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• Bottle Biology
• Full of Beans: Henry Ford Grows a Car
• Grains and Legumes of the World
• How to Use a Ragdoll Test to Estimate Field Germination
• My Family's Farm Book Series
• My Family's Soybean Farm
• Oilseeds Flowchart