Double the Muscle: Probabilities and Pedigrees
This lesson allows students to apply the concept of Mendelian genetics and learn about the double muscling trait found in cattle. Students will apply their knowledge of genetics and Punnett squares to calculate the probability of genotypes and use a pedigree chart.
Background
Lesson Activities
Recommended Companion Resources
Credits
Author
McKinzie Peterson, Erin Ingram, and Molly Brandt | University of Nebraska – Lincoln
Acknowledgements
Author Affiliations:
- McKinzie Peterson: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, IANR Science Literacy Initiative, National Center for Agricultural Literacy
- Erin Ingram: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, IANR Science Literacy Initiative, National Center for Agricultural Literacy
- Molly Brandt: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, IANR Science Literacy Initiative, National Center for Agricultural Literacy
Sources
This lesson was adapted from Caitlin Falcone’s Cornhusker Genetics lesson plan.
- Facts about myostatin in cattle: http://www.southdevon-cattle.com.au/myostatin.htm
- Information about Gregor Mendel and inheritance: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447136&topicorder=6&maxto=9&minto=1
- Photo of meat from double-muscled cattle: (http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jul04/k11279-3.htm)
- Photo of meat from normal cattle: (http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jul04/k11279-1.htm)
- Photo of meat from heterozygous cattle: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jul04/k11279-2.htm
Standards
Texas Content Area Standards
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Principles of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources: 130.2.c.1
The student demonstrates professional standards/employability skills as required by business and industry. The student is expected to:
- Principles of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources: 130.2.c.1.B: apply competencies related to resources, information, interpersonal skills, problem solving, critical thinking, and systems of operation in agriculture, food, and natural resources.
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Principles of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources: 130.2.c.4
The student explains the historical, current, and future significance of the agriculture, food, and natural resources industry. The student is expected to:
- Principles of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources: 130.2.c.4.B: analyze the scope of agriculture, food, and natural resources and its effect upon society.
- Principles of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources: 130.2.c.4.C: evaluate significant historical and current agriculture, food, and natural resources developments.
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Principles of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources: 130.2.c.12
The student develops technical knowledge and skills related to animal systems. The student is expected to:
- Principles of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources: 130.2.c.12.D: explain animal selection, reproduction, breeding, and genetics.
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English I: 110.36.c.1
Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, discussion, and thinking--oral language. The student develops oral language through listening, speaking, and discussion.
- English I: 1.A: The student is expected to engage in meaningful and respectful discourse by listening actively, responding appropriately, and adjusting communication to audiences and purposes.
- English I: 1.B: The student is expected to follow and give complex oral instructions to perform specific tasks, answer questions, or solve problems and complex processes.
- English I: 1.D: The student is expected to participate collaboratively, building on the ideas of others, contributing relevant information, developing a plan for consensus building, and setting ground rules for decision making.
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Livestock Production: 130.7.c.7
The student explains animal genetics and reproduction. The student is expected to:
- Livestock Production: 130.7.c.7.B: explain the use of genetics in animal agriculture such as Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs), phenotype, and genotype.
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English II: 110.37.c.1
Developing and sustaining foundation language skills: listening, speaking, discussion, and thinking--oral language. The student develops oral language through listening, speaking, and discussion.
- English II: 1.A: The student is expected to engage in meaningful and respectful discourse by listening actively, responding appropriately, and adjusting communication to audiences and purposes.
- English II: 1.B: The student is expected to follow and give complex oral instructions to perform specific tasks, answer questions, or solve problems and complex processes.
- English II: 1.D: The student is expected to participate collaboratively, building on the ideas of others, contributing relevant information, developing a plan for consensus building, and setting ground rules for decision making.
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English III: 110.38.c.1
Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, discussion, and thinking--oral language. The student develops oral language through listening, speaking, and discussion.
- English III: 1.A: The student is expected to engage in meaningful and respectful discourse when evaluating the clarity and coherence of a speaker's message and critiquing the impact of a speaker's use of diction and syntax.
- English III: 1.B: The student is expected to follow and give complex instructions, clarify meaning by asking pertinent questions, and respond appropriately.
- English III: 1.D: The student is expected to participate collaboratively, offering ideas or judgements that are purposeful in moving the team toward goals, asking relevant and insightful questions, tolerating a range of positions and ambiguity in decision making, and evaluating the work of the group based on agreed-upon criteria.
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English IV: 110.39.c.1
Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, discussion, and thinking--oral language. The student develops oral language through listening, speaking, and discussion.
- English IV: 1.A: The student is expected to engage in meaningful and respectful discourse when evaluating the clarity and coherence of a speaker's message and critiquing the impact of a speaker's use of diction, syntax, and rhetorical strategies.
- English IV: 1.B: The student is expected to follow and give complex instructions, clarify meaning by asking pertinent questions, and respond appropriately.
- English IV: 1.D: The student is expected to participate collaboratively, offering ideas or judgements that are purposeful in moving the team toward goals, asking relevant and insightful questions, tolerating a range of positions and ambiguity in decision making, and evaluating the work of the group based on agreed-upon criteria.
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Advanced Animal Science: 130.10.c.8
The student applies the principles of molecular genetics and heredity. The student is expected to:
- Advanced Animal Science: 130.10.c.8.A: explain Mendel's laws of inheritance by predicting genotypes and phenotypes of offspring using the Punnett square.
- Advanced Animal Science: 130.10.c.8.B: predict genotypes and phenotypes of animal offspring using Mendelian or non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance in various forms of livestock and use Punnett Square and assign alleles to justify all predictions.
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Statistics: 111.47.c.1
Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding.
- Statistics: 1.A: The student is expected to apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
- Statistics: 1.B: The student is expected to use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution.
- Statistics: 1.C: The student is expected to select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems.
- Statistics: 1.D: The student is expected to communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate.
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Statistics: 111.47.c.5
Probability and random variables. The student applies the mathematical process standards to connect probability and statistics.
- Statistics: 5.A: The student is expected to determine probabilities, including the use of a two-way table.
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Biology: 112.34.c.6
Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics such as the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics.
- Biology: 6.D: The student is expected to recognize that gene expression is a regulated process.
- Biology: 6.F: The student is expected to predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, and non-Mendelian inheritance.
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Biology: 112.42.c.7
Science concepts--mechanisms of genetics. The student knows the role of nucleic acids in gene expression. The student is expected to:
- Biology: 112.42.c.7.B: describe the significance of gene expression and explain the process of protein synthesis using models of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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Biology: 112.42.c.8
Science concepts--mechanisms of genetics. The student knows the role of nucleic acids and the principles of inheritance and variation of traits in Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics. The student is expected to:
- Biology: 112.42.c.8.A: analyze the significance of chromosome reduction, independent assortment, and crossing over during meiosis in increasing diversity in populations of organisms that reproduce sexually